Multi‐hazard upgrade decision making for critical infrastructure based on life‐cycle cost criteria     

F. Jalayer  D. Asprone  A. Prota  G. Manfredi 《地震工程与结构动力学》2011,40(10):1163-1179

The life‐cycle cost can be regarded as a benchmark variable in decision making problems involving the retrofit and upgrading of existing structures. A critical infrastructure is often subjected to more than one hazard during its lifetime. Therefore, the problem of evaluating the life‐cycle cost involves uncertainties in both loading and structural modeling parameters. The present study is a preliminary study aiming to calculate the expected life‐cycle cost for a critical infrastructure subjected to more than one hazard in its service lifetime. A methodology is presented that takes into account both the uncertainty in the occurrence of future events due to different types of hazard and also the deterioration of the structure as a result of a series of events. In order to satisfy life safety conditions, the probability of exceeding the limit state of collapse is constrained to be smaller than an allowable threshold. Finally, the methodology is implemented in an illustrative numerical example which considers a structure subjected to both seismic hazard and blast hazard in both upgraded and non‐upgraded configurations. It is demonstrated how expected life‐cycle cost can be used as a criterion to distinguish between the two choices while satisfying the life safety constraint. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Short and medium term dynamics of the carbon exchange between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea     

K. Kuliński  J. SheJ. Pempkowiak 《Continental Shelf Research》2011,31(15):1611-1619

A detailed analysis of the short and medium term dynamics of the carbon exchange between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea is presented. To quantify the carbon fluxes distinguishing the Baltic and North Sea water masses, the salinity-based End Members (EM) method was successfully applied. The results of 0.63±0.25×10¹² mol C year⁻¹ identify the Baltic Sea as a net source of carbon for the North Sea. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was found to contribute significantly (22%) to the bulk of exported carbon. The levels determined suggest the hydrology-dependence of the carbon fluxes in the Danish Straits, which stimulates the high variability of carbon fluxes at both interseasonal and interannual scales.  相似文献   

干湿循环下含盐量变化对遗址土剪切强度影响的试验研究     

沈云霞  谌文武  杜伟飞  匡静 《地震工程学报》2011,33(Z1)

中国西北干旱和半干旱地区集中降雨和强烈蒸发的特殊气候环境加剧了对土遗址的破坏。以掺入不同含量Na2SO4和NaCl的重塑土样为研究对象,通过室内模拟开放系统下干湿循环过程,并采用声波测试,反映含盐类遗址土在干湿循环下的劣化过程;测试多次循环后的遗址土剪切强度随含盐量的变化规律,并从盐类性质及波速两方面分析了干湿循环对遗址土剪切强度的作用机理。结果表明:在含水率一定的情况下纵波波速随干湿循环次数的增加而减小;干湿循环后的土体黏聚力随着盐分含量的增加呈下降趋势,内摩擦角则出现先增大后减小的现象;纵波波速与黏聚力随着含盐量的增长整体变化趋势有较好的相关性,与内摩擦角的相关性则表现为纵波波速的间断性和内摩擦角阶段性的契合。  相似文献   

克拉玛依台与和丰台台址背景噪声对比分析     

刘富安 《内陆地震》2011,(4):379-384

通过对2010年8月初克拉玛依台与和丰台仪器对调前后台址背景噪声的计算和对比,得出,克拉玛依台仪器对调后短周期台址背景噪声RMS由24.7 Counts减小到16.2Counts,远震初动波形比没换仪器前更容易辨认.这次对调仪器有助于克拉玛依台观测质量的提高.  相似文献   

Environmental impacts of household appliances in Europe and scenarios for their impact reduction     

Roland Hischier  Francesca Reale  Valentina Castellani  Serenella Sala 《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2011

Assessing the environmental impact due to consumption of goods and services is a pivotal step towards achieving the sustainable development goal related to responsible production and consumption (i.e. SDG 12). Household appliances plays a crucial role and should be assessed in a systemic manner, namely considering all life cycle stages, technological efficiency, and affluence aspects. The present study assess the impact of such household appliances used in Europe, and tests scenarios of potential impact reduction at various scales. Life cycle assessment is applied to 14 different household appliances (ranging from dishwashers to television devices) selected to build a set of representative products, based on their economic value and diffusion in households in Europe. Related impacts are calculated with the Environmental Footprint method for calculating a Consumer Footprint “appliances” for the baseline year 2010. A number of scenarios encompassing eco-solutions on a technical level, changes in consumption pattern, behavioral changes, as well as the combination of all these aspects are run to estimate the Consumer Footprint related to household appliances for the year 2030, compared against this baseline scenario. The baseline Consumer Footprint is confirming the importance of the use phase in leading the impacts in almost all impact categories. Testing different scenarios concludes that there is a reduction of the impact for most of the categories (with up to 67% for the ozone depletion potential, and still around 35% for the global warming potential), while two of the here examined impact categories (i.e. land-use and mineral resource depletion) show an overall potential that is even negative – i.e. the results of all scenarios are higher than the ones of the 2010 baseline scenario. The increase in purchase and use of such appliances may offset energy efficiency benefits in some of the examined categories. Hence, the assessment of sustainability of appliances consumption should always include several scales, from the efficiency of the products (micro scale), to the improvement of the energy mix (meso scale), up to accounting for socio-economic drivers and patterns of consumption affecting the overall appliances stock (macro scale).  相似文献   

渤海中部馆陶组层序地层特征及其底界研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

张若祥  李建平  刘士磊  卢辉楠  朱文森  王保全 《地层学杂志》2011,(2):147-154

通过以岩电性、古生物、地震层序为基础的层序地层学研究,结合区域研究资料,在馆陶组识别出低位、水进和高位三种体系域;利用基准面旋回技术识别出短期基准面旋回(SSC)、中期基准面旋回(MSc)和长期基准面旋回(LSC);馆陶组划分为2个长期基准面旋回,4个中期基准面旋回MSC1～MSC4,建立了渤海中部馆陶组及东上段高分辨...  相似文献   

Impact of crab bioturbation on benthic flux and nitrogen dynamics of Southwest Atlantic intertidal marshes and mudflats   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Eugenia Fanjul  María C. Bazterrica  Mauricio Escapa  María A. Grela  Oscar Iribarne   《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2011,92(4):387

  相似文献   

长牡蛎繁殖周期、生化成分的季节变化与环境因子的关系   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

刘文广  李琪  高凤祥  于瑞海  孔令峰 《热带海洋学报》2011,(3)

为了阐明长牡蛎的繁殖策略,自2004年3月—2005年2月对乳山湾养殖海区的环境因子(水温、盐度、叶绿素a含量)、长牡蛎繁殖周期及其生化成分(糖原、脂肪、蛋白质、RNA/DNA比值)的季节变化进行研究。结果显示,水温在一年中呈现显著变化,夏季水温最高,最高值为29.5℃(8月),冬季水温最低,最低值为1.8℃(1月);盐度在夏季雨水较多的时候略有降低;叶绿素a含量在夏末秋初(8月和9月)和春季(4月)有2个峰值,冬季最低。长牡蛎的繁殖周期分为冬季的休止期和从春季到夏季的繁殖期,在长牡蛎的繁殖期,条件指数逐渐下降到最低值,表明繁殖期长牡蛎生长变慢。在长牡蛎的配子发生过程中软体部蛋白质和脂肪含量略有上升,而糖原含量显著下降,表明长牡蛎配子的发生需要储存的糖原提供能量;RNA/DNA比值在配子发生过程中逐渐升高,显示RNA/DNA比值可以作为一个指标来指示长牡蛎的性成熟。配子发生过程中,长牡蛎的灰分含量逐渐升高,表明长牡蛎通过分解自身的贮能物质提供能量,使体内有机物含量减少,从而导致灰分含量上升。实验结果表明长牡蛎的配子发生类型为保守种。  相似文献   

沙埝油田沙7块阜三段高分辨率层序地层分析     

赵红娟  张金亮 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2011,41(5):94-99

以高分辨率层序地层学与沉积学等理论方法为指导,综合利用岩心、录井和测井等资料,对沙埝油田沙7块阜三段进行了高分辨率层序地层划分与对比。根据基准面旋回和可容纳空间变化原理,识别出研究区短期和中期2个级次的基准面旋回层序,其中短期旋回层序以向上"变浅"的非对称型和对称型2种基本结构类型为主;在各级次基准面旋回层序识别的基础上,将阜三段划分为3个中期旋回层序和17个短期旋回层序,并应用旋回等时对比技术进行了精细地层对比,建立了沙7块阜三段高分辨率层序地层对比格架,为进一步的储层物性预测及储层结构描述等精细地质研究奠定了基础。  相似文献   

茶园生态系统氟的生物地球化学循环     

郑达贤  沙济琴 《福建地理》2011,(3):1-8

根据近年作者及相关研究成果,提出一般茶园（非F污染区,非高F地质背景区）生态系统F的生物地球化学循环模型,估算茶园生态系统各子系统F的库容和库之间的F流量,分析茶园生态系统F的生物地球化学特征．结果表明：1）茶园生态系统F的惰性库：调节库：活动库为239：4：1,活动库占总库容的比例高达0．41％,其比例是非常高的;2）该生态系统F的外循环是一个正平衡循环,F的收入与支出比为2：1,同时地表径流的F支出大于地下径流的F支出;3）由于茶树具有很强的从土壤摄取F的能力,摄取的F绝大部分（98％）汇集于叶上,特别是老叶上,且部分易被雨水淋出,因而通过透冠流和枯枝落叶形成很大的F流量,分别达10．5k·hm^-2·a^-1和8．5kg·hm^-2·a^-1,内循环流量达19．95kg·hm^-2·a^-1,为活动库库容的3．6倍,使活动库具有很高的更新速率;4）茶园生态系统F的生物地球化学循环伴随着系统中F的活化、有机化和生物积累过程．  相似文献